The Phenotypes of the Human Race

Neolithic Europe (7000-5000 BC) Western Hunter-Gatherers Western Hunter-Gatherers (WHG), also called West European Hunter-Gatherers or the Oberkassel cluster, were a Mesolithic population (c. 15,000–5,000 BP) that spread across western, southern, and central Europe after the Last Glacial Maximum. They are closely associated with the Villabruna cluster , a genetic lineage originating likely in the Balkans and expanding into Italy and Iberia by ~19,000 BP. WHGs expanded across Western Europe around 14,000–12,000 BP, replacing the earlier Magdalenian populations descended from Cro-Magnon settlers. WHGs were one of two major postglacial hunter-gatherer groups in Holocene Europe, alongside Eastern Hunter-Gatherers (EHG) . The border between WHG and EHG groups ran from the lower Danube up to the western Baltic. In Scandinavia, Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherers (SHG) formed as a mix of WHG and EHG. In Iberia, early Holocene hunter-gatherers were a mix of WHG and Magdalenian ancestry (e.g., Go...

Origins: The  Norid phenotype , often described as a Dinaricized Nordic type, is believed to have formed in  Central Europe  during the  Bell Beaker period . It arose when  R1b-bearing Indo-European steppe populations , carrying an admixed Yamnaya-derived morphology, migrated into Central Europe and intermingled with local Corded Ware populations. In the lower  Rhine and surrounding regions , this mixture interacted with local  Borreby elements , producing a tall, robust, and sharply featured type that  moved into  northern France, the Low Countries , and the  British Isles .  This population  would eventually contribute to the  formation of  the Paleo Atlantid, Br ünn,   Keltic Nordid, North Atlantid, and Cymrid phenotypes, among others. British Bell Beaker reconstruction Upon migrating to the British Isles, this  Bell Beaker population , known as the  Bell Beaker Borreby, would overturn over 90% ...

  Description: The Keltic Nordid is a distinctive Europid phenotype most strongly associated with the British Isles, where it often forms the predominant Caucasoid type. It is also a major element in the Low Countries—especially in Flanders and the Netherlands—where it blends with more Germanic influences, producing a transitional Celto-Germanic form. Secondary concentrations are found in western Germany, Switzerland, Austria, and parts of France, and it appears sporadically throughout Western and Central Europe, even into Czechia and Slovakia. Overseas, it became widespread due to British and Dutch colonial expansion, and today it remains the most numerically common Nordid subtype worldwide, especially among populations in North America, South Africa, and Australasia of British, Irish, and Dutch descent. There is notable regional variation within the type. Isolated populations such as those in the Aran Islands of Ireland show a taller, more depigmented variant with golden-red hair...

Description: The Baskid phenotype is an ancient, Iron Age human type closely associated with the Basques and believed to have settled in Western Europe before the arrival of the Celts. Found in its purest form in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques region of southwestern France, it is also present in northern Spain and parts of the French Atlantic coast, though often mixed with Atlanto-Mediterranid elements, making it less brachycephalic in those areas.  Though many modern French Basques are now West Alpinid, the Baskid type historically contributed to the formation of the Keltic Nordid and North Atlantid phenotypes through admixture with Hallstatt Nordid and Norid groups. Northern and southern subtypes of Baskid can still be discerned in France and Spain, respectively. Genetics: The Basques represent one of the most genetically unique populations in Europe, a distinction resulting from millennia of cultural and geographic isolation in the western Pyrenees. Although they are closely related t...